From waste materials to multi-functional fertilizers

1. The Basic Form: Mature Bulk Organic Fertilizer This is the most primitive and purest form of compost. After complete maturation, organic waste is used directly without additional processing. It appears dark brown or black, with a loose texture resembling fertile forest topsoil. It is rich in humus—a stable organic matter that significantly improves soil structure, increasing soil porosity and water retention. Simultaneously, it contains abundant beneficial microbial communities and slowly released basic nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This fertilizer is particularly suitable as a base fertilizer for field crops (e.g., wheat, corn) or as a soil amendment for orchards and vegetable gardens. When incorporated into the soil through tillage, it lays a healthy foundation for crop growth. 2. The Advanced Form: Granular Organic Fertilizer To meet the needs of modern mechanized fertilization, mature compost can be converted into uniform granules through granulation processes (e.g., disc granulation, drum granulation). These granules are typically 2-6 mm in diameter, with moderate strength, facilitating transportation, storage, and precise application via seeders or spreaders. Granulation not only reduces dust during application but also controls nutrient release rate through physical form, achieving longer-lasting effects. A more advanced product is the "organic-inorganic compound fertilizer," which incorporates fast-acting chemical fertilizers (e.g., urea) during granulation, perfectly combining the soil-improving function of organic fertilizer with the quick-release properties of chemical fertilizer. 3. The Functional Form: Bio/Functional Organic Fertilizer This represents an intelligent upgrade of composting technology. By inoculating mature compost with specific functional microorganisms (e.g., phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, potassium-solubilizing bacteria, biocontrol agents), the resulting "bio-organic fertilizer" not only provides nutrients but also mobilizes fixed phosphorus and potassium in the soil or suppresses soil-borne diseases. Another type, "functional organic fertilizer," is enriched with biostimulants like humic acid, seaweed extracts, and amino acids, which directly stimulate crop root growth and enhance stress resistance. These fertilizers are "value-added" products widely used in high-value cash crops and protected agriculture. 4. The Refined Form: Organic Water-Soluble Fertilizer Through physical or chemical methods, soluble organic components (mainly small-molecule humic acid, fulvic acid, and amino acids) are extracted from mature compost to produce liquid or powdered water-soluble fertilizers. This fertilizer type has high nutrient concentration and fast dissolution, fully compatible with modern drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and fertigation systems. It can be rapidly absorbed by crops and is especially suitable for quick nutritional supplementation during critical growth stages (e.g., flowering and fruit setting), making it an ideal choice for precision agriculture.

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