Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches: From Agricultural Waste to Effective Fertilizer

In the context of global climate change, the efficient utilization of agricultural waste to achieve resource recycling has become a critical issue for sustainable agriculture worldwide. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), a major by-product of palm oil production, have long been treated as waste, decomposing naturally or being incinerated, which not only wastes resources but also exacerbates greenhouse gas emissions. However, recent studies show that properly processed EFB can serve as an excellent soil conditioner, significantly improving soil properties and increasing crop yields. Resource Potential and Processing Methods of EFB Globally, approximately 99 million tons of EFB are produced annually. In Ghana alone, daily EFB production reaches 390 tons. Such vast amounts of organic waste, if utilized effectively, could greatly promote sustainable agricultural development. EFB is primarily applied in four forms: direct mulching, biochar, compost, and ash. Different processing methods directly influence its effectiveness as a fertilizer. EFB’s Role in Promoting Crop Growth A meta-analysis of 19 studies revealed that, compared to unamended soil, EFB application increased crop growth and yield by an average of 49.2%. Among the various forms, EFB biochar showed the most significant effect, increasing yield by up to 78.4%, followed by mulching (33.8%), composting (30.9%), and ash (21.0%). When EFB was co-applied with mineral fertilizers or other materials, crop yield still increased by 16.4%.

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